What kind of element is bromine

A measure of the stiffness of a substance. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate.

It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. Copyright of and ownership in the Images reside with Murray Robertson.

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Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. Jump to main content. Periodic Table. Glossary Allotropes Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Glossary Group A vertical column in the periodic table. Fact box.

Glossary Image explanation Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. Appearance The description of the element in its natural form. Biological role The role of the element in humans, animals and plants. Natural abundance Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. Uses and properties.

Image explanation. The image intends to reflect the rich colour, liquidity and aromatic nature of the element. Bromine is a deep-red, oily liquid with a sharp smell.

It is toxic. Bromine is used in many areas such as agricultural chemicals, dyestuffs, insecticides, pharmaceuticals and chemical intermediates. Some uses are being phased out for environmental reasons, but new uses continue to be found.

Bromine compounds can be used as flame retardants. They are added to furniture foam, plastic casings for electronics and textiles to make them less flammable.

However, the use of bromine as a flame retardant has been phased out in the USA because of toxicity concerns. Organobromides are used in halon fire extinguishers that are used to fight fires in places like museums, aeroplanes and tanks. Silver bromide is a chemical used in film photography. Before leaded fuels were phased out, bromine was used to prepare 1,2-di-bromoethane, which was an anti-knock agent.

Biological role. Bromine is present in small amounts, as bromide, in all living things. However, it has no known biological role in humans.

Bromine has an irritating effect on the eyes and throat, and produces painful sores when in contact with the skin. Natural abundance. Bromine is extracted by electrolysis from natural bromine-rich brine deposits in the USA, Israel and China. It was the first element to be extracted from seawater, but this is now only economically viable at the Dead Sea, Israel, which is particularly rich in bromide up to 0.

Help text not available for this section currently. Elements and Periodic Table History. He took the concentrated residue which remained after most of the brine had evaporated and passed chlorine gas into it. In so doing he liberated an orange-red liquid which he deduced was a new element.

He was asked to produce more of it, and while he was doing so Balard published his results and so became known at its discoverer. Atomic data. Bond enthalpies. Glossary Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom.

Oxidation states and isotopes. Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk. Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves.

Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Supply risk. Relative supply risk 7 Crustal abundance ppm 0. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material.

Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Bromine Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Hello, welcome to Chemistry in its element where this week we're sniffing out the chemical that is named after the Greek word for stench and this substance has certainly kicked up a stink in its own right in its time because it makes holes in the ozone layer.

But it's not all bad as it's also given us drugs, insecticides and fire extinguishers and to tell the story of element number 35, here's chemist and author John Emsley. Fifty years ago bromine was produced on a massive scale and turned into lots of useful compounds. Photography relied on the light-sensitivity of silver bromide, doctors prescribed potassium bromide as a tranquiliser, leaded petrol needed dibromomethane to ensure the lead was removed via the exhaust gases, bromomethane was widely used to fumigate soil and storage facilities, and fire extinguishers contained volatile organobromine compounds.

Today these uses have all but disappeared. World production of liquid bromine once exceeded , tonnes per year, of which a significant part was produced by a plant on the coast of Anglesey in Wales, which closed in This extracted the element from sea water, which contains 65 p. He found that the salt residues left by evaporating brine from Montpellier, France, gave an oily red liquid when treated with acid. He realised this was a new element and reported it to the French Academy, who confirmed his discovery.

When they realised it was chemically similar to chlorine and iodine they proposed the name bromine, based on the Greek word bromos meaning stench.

While some uses of bromine have declined because the products made from it are no longer needed, others have been discouraged because of the damage this element could cause to the ozone layer.

Volatile organobromine compounds are capable of surviving in the atmosphere long enough to reach the upper ozone layer where their bromine atoms are 50 times more damaging than the chlorine atoms - which are the main threat, coming as they did from the widely used chlorofluorocarbons, the CFCs.

The Montreal Protocol which outlawed the CFCs sought also to ban the use of all volatile organobromines by , and this restriction especially applied to the fumigant bromomethane and compounds such as CBrClF 2 which were in fire extinguishers for electrical fires or those in confined spaces.

Bromomethane was a particular cause for concern but banning it has proved impossible because it has some uses for which alternatives have not been found. Often referred to as methyl bromide, CH 3 Br boiling point 3. In the soil it kills nematodes, insects, bacteria, mites and fungi which threaten crops such as seed crops, lettuce, strawberries, grapes, and flowers such as carnations and chrysanthemums.

In fact bromomethane is not quite so threatening as it first appears. Environmental research uncovered the unexpected result that half the bromomethane sprayed on soil never evaporates into the air because it is consumed by bacteria. Nor are man-made organobromines the main source of these compounds in the atmosphere.

Marine plankton and algae release around half a million tonnes of various bromomethanes a year and in particularly tribromomethane aka bromoform, CHBr 3. Even more surprising has been the discovery that something in the oceans is making pentabromodiphenyl ether. This has been used as a fire-retardant, and when in it was found to be present in whale blubber it was at first thought to be the man-made variety.

However, the carbon atoms it contained had detectable amounts of 14 C meaning that they were of recent origin, whereas the fire retardant is made entirely from fossil resources and contains no 14 C.

Another complex bromine compound from the sea is the purple dye once used for clothes worn by the Roman Emperors. Tyrian purple as it was called was extracted from the Mediterranean mollusc Murex brandaris and this molecule contains two bromine atoms and is 6,6'-dibromoindigo. Even when it appears benign as bromide ions in water, this element can still pose a threat to health.

Ozonising drinking water in order to sterilise it converts any bromide to bromate BrO 3 - which is a suspected carcinogen and so must not exceed 10 p. And some reservoirs in California where this has been exceeded have had to be drained because of it.

Once so beneficial, bromine now appears to cause nothing but trouble. Yet in ways unseen, such as in the pharmaceutical industries, it still continues to be used to provide intermediates in the manufacture of live-saving drugs.

John Emsley unlocking the secrets of the brown element Bromine. You can find out more about some of John's other favourite elements in a series he has written for the RSC's Education in Chemistry and that's online at rsc. Next time on Chemistry in its element Nobel prize winning chemist Kary Mullis explains why a soul of iron is essential. For the human brain, iron is essential yet deadly.

Carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, maybe ten other elements are also involved in life, but none of them have the power of iron to move electrons around, and none of them have the power to totally destroy the whole system. Iron does.

And you can catch Kary Mullis ironing out the wrinkles in metabolism's most important element on next week's Chemistry in its Element.

I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening, see you next time. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists. List of Elements 1 H - Hydrogen.

Atomic Number. Atomic Symbol. Atomic Weight. Group in Periodic Table. Period in Periodic Table. Block in Periodic Table. Electronic Configuration. Melting Point. Boiling Point. CAS Number. Abundance in Universe. Abundance in Sun. Abundance in Meteorites. Abundance in Earth's Crust. Abundance in Oceans. Abundance in Humans. Space Group Name.

Space Group Number. Crystal Structure. Electron Configuration. Valence Electrons. Oxidation State. Atomic Radius. Covalent Radius. Van der Waals Radius. Neutron Cross Section. Young Modulus. Shear Modulus.

Bulk Modulus. Poisson Ratio. Mohs Hardness. Vickers Hardness. Brinell Hardness. Electrical Conductivity. Superconducting Point. Thermal Conductivity. Thermal Expansion. Magnetic Type. Curie Point. Mass Magnetic Susceptibility. Molar Magnetic Susceptibility. Volume Magnetic Susceptibility. Refractive Index. Speed of Sound. Critical Temperature.